What is indole used for?
Indole-3-carbinol is formed when these vegetables are cut, chewed or cooked. It can also be produced in the laboratory. People use indole-3-carbinol for cancer prevention, to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and for many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
What is the reaction of indole?
Indole itself begins to react with methyliodide in dimethylformamide at about 80°C, to give main product 3-methyl indole (skatole). As the temperature is increased, further methylation takes place resulting in 1,2,3,3- tetramethyl-3H-indolium iodide. to give N-substituted dimethylaminomethyl indole.
What is the chemical name of indole?
| IUPAC Name | 1H-indole |
|---|---|
| Alternative Names | indole 2,3-Benzopyrrole |
| Molecular Formula | C8H7N |
| Molar Mass | 117.151 g/mol |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C8H7N/c1-2-4-8-7(3-1)5-6-9-8/h1-6,9H |
Is indole toxic to humans?
High concentrations of indole are known to be toxic to cells due to perturbations in membrane potential.
What indole means?
The indole test screens for the ability of an organism to degrade the amino acid tryptophan and produce indole. It is used as part of the IMViC procedures, a battery of tests designed to distinguish among members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
What is the natural source of indole?
Indole is released directly to the environment as a component of tobacco smoke and occurs naturally in coal tar, jasmine oil and orange-blossom oil.
Is indole an acid or base?
weak base
Like pyrrole, indole is a weak base and also a weak acid. It is polymerized by strong acids and reacts with potassium hydroxide and Grignard reagents.
Where is indole produced?
Indole is produced by gut microbiota from tryptophan, through the tryptophanase enzyme encoded by the tnaA gene.
What is indole made of?
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound with the formula C8H7N. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered pyrrole ring. Indole is widely distributed in the natural environment and can be produced by a variety of bacteria.
Which reagent is used in indole test?
Kovács reagent
To test for indole production, add 5 drops of Kovács reagent directly to the tube (3, 5). A positive indole test is indicated by the formation of a pink to red color (“cherry-red ring”) in the reagent layer on top of the medium within seconds of adding the reagent (Fig. 1b).
Where is indole found?
indole, also called Benzopyrrole, a heterocyclic organic compound occurring in some flower oils, such as jasmine and orange blossom, in coal tar, and in fecal matter.
What is the pH of indole?
7.8 ± 0.2
The cytoplasmic pH of the indole-deficient strain BW25113 ∆tnaA was 7.8 ± 0.2 in both media.
What are the chemical properties of indole?
Like pyrrole, indole is a weak base and also a weak acid. It is polymerized by strong acids and reacts with potassium hydroxide and Grignard reagents. Indole may be nitrated at low temperature with ethyl nitrate in the presence of sodium ethoxide to yield 3-nitroindole.
What is the principle of indole test?
Principle of Indole Test
Indole is generated by reductive deamination from tryptophan via the intermediate molecule indolepyruvic acid. Tryptophanase catalyzes the deamination reaction, during which the amine (-NH2) group of the tryptophan molecule is removed.
What is meant by indole test?
The indole test is a biochemical test performed on bacterial species to determine the ability of the organism to convert tryptophan into indole. This division is performed by a chain of a number of different intracellular enzymes, a system generally referred to as “tryptophanase.”
Is indole water soluble?
Indole is widely distributed in the natural environment and can be produced by a variety of bacteria.
…
Indole.
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Boiling point | 253 to 254 °C (487 to 489 °F; 526 to 527 K) |
| Solubility in water | 0.19 g/100 ml (20 °C) Soluble in hot water |
| Acidity (pKa) | 16.2 (21.0 in DMSO) |
Why is indole toxic?
Which bacteria is indole positive?
Indole-Positive Bacteria
Bacteria that test positive for cleaving indole from tryptophan include: Aeromonas hydrophilia, Aeromonas punctata, Bacillus alvei, most Citrobacter spp., Edwardsiella spp., Escherichia coli, Flavobacterium spp., Haemophilus influenzae, most Proteus spp.
Why do bacteria produce indole?
Indole is known as a metabolite of amino acid tryptophan, which, however, has recently been proved to participate in various aspects of bacterial life including virulence induction, cell cycle regulation, acid resistance, and especially, signaling biofilm formation.
Why is the indole test important?
Is indole acidic or basic?
Like pyrrole, indole is a weak base and also a weak acid. It is polymerized by strong acids and reacts with potassium hydroxide and Grignard reagents.
Why do bacteria need indole?
Indole has recently been implicated as an important small molecule signal utilized by many bacteria to coordinate various forms of behavior. Indole plays a role in numerous bacterial processes, including: biofilm formation and maintenance, virulence factor production, antibiotic resistance and persister cell formation.
What is indole used for in bacteria?
As an intercellular signal molecule, indole controls diverse aspects of bacterial physiology, such as spore formation, plasmid stability, drug resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence in indole-producing bacteria.
Is indole a strong base?